Technological transformation and institutional challenges of the "green deal" in European Union countries (2021–2025)

Abstract

During the period of 2021–2025, the European Union has firmly established its status as a global leader in climate diplomacy. The "Fit for 55" legislative package and the "REPowerEU" strategy have established a rigorous framework to accelerate the deployment of green technologies and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. The relevance of specific technological solutions varies depending on the socio-economic profile of each country: while for technological leaders the priority is a fundamental restructuring of the energy system based on hydrogen, for transition economies the focus remains on deep modernization and improving the energy efficiency of existing industrial cycles. The implementation of these strategies relies on a complex system of grants, the Just Transition Fund, and Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAM), transforming ecological choices into a key factor for the long-term competitiveness of national economies.