An overview of the evolution of artificial intelligence and its role in higher education

Abstract

The article provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of artificial intelligence and analyses its role in the development of modern higher education, offering a structured synthesis of its evolutionary trajectory and highlighting its growing significance as a transformative factor in contemporary higher education systems, contributing to the enhancement of learning processes and educational outcomes. Artificial intelligence is understood as a field of computer science that develops systems capable of independently performing tasks traditionally associated with human intelligence through the acquisition, analysis and processing of information from the environment. Artificial intelligence has undergone continuous development, attracting increasing scientific interest and evolving from early theoretical concepts to advanced technological systems. The article examines the evolution of artificial intelligence by identifying five key stages of its development, ranging from symbolic systems and expert programs to machine learning, deep neural networks and transformer-based architectures. Each stage is characterized by the emergence of new approaches and methodologies that have contributed to the formation of modern artificial intelligence. Particular attention is given to its role in higher education, where artificial intelligence contributes to the transformation of educational practices and the development of adaptive and accessible learning environments. The study emphasizes that contemporary advancements in higher education are increasingly associated with the integration of artificial intelligence into the educational practices of higher education institutions. In this context, artificial intelligence enhances the efficiency and flexibility of the educational process, supports personalized learning and expands access to educational resources. As a result, artificial intelligence is becoming an essential component of the modern educational landscape.