Refugee integration through social support: A clustering approach in host countries

Abstract

In the context of mass displacement caused by war and other crises, the integration of refugees has become a critical task for host countries. This study examines nine recipient countries, with a detailed focus on Poland, Germany, and the Czech Republic, chosen for their geographical proximity to Ukraine and their differing levels of social support and integration programs. Effective social support measures are essential for fostering an inclusive society and achieving sustainable socioeconomic development. The study aims to classify host countries based on their integration efforts and identify key indicators influencing refugee integration, such as access to social services, employment rate, language proficiency, and participation in integration programs. Using hierarchical clustering (Joining Tree method) and K-means cluster analysis, the study groups countries based on similarities in their integration policies and outcomes. Statistical data collected over 3 years (2022 – 2024) were analyzed to highlight patterns and relationships among integration indicators. Germany, characterized by advanced social support – €357 in social assistance on average per person per month and 85% access to integration programs – formed a distinct cluster with Great Britain, reflecting a high level of integration effort. Poland and the Czech Republic, grouped in a separate cluster, demonstrated moderate but improving integration policies. The findings highlight the multifaceted nature of refugee integration, where access to services and employment opportunities play foundational roles, while language proficiency and social participation ensure longterm inclusion. This study confirms the importance of well-developed social support systems in facilitating refugee integration and offers evidence-based insights for improving integration policies. The findings contribute to ongoing migration policy debates, providing practical recommendations for fostering inclusive and sustainable societies.